Estudio comparativo morfológico y morfométrico para la determinación de sexo en mandíbulas humanas / Comparative morphological and morphometric study for sex determination in human mandibles

Introducción: En la especie humana, las diferencias obedecen a variaciones biológicas ligadas a los caracteres sexuales, conducta socio-cultural y epigenética en cada grupo poblacional. Estas variaciones biológicas entre sexos se analizan desde el punto de vista morfológico. Algunos estudios refieren que la morfometría, relacionando el tamaño y forma del esqueleto humano, conduce a resultados más fidedignos y reproducibles. Objetivo: comparar los caracteres morfológicos y morfométricos de los detalles anatómicos propios de la rama mandibular para determinar el sexo en mandíbulas humanas, en dos poblaciones venezolanas. Materiales e métodos: la muestra fue 16 mandíbulas encontradas como hallazgo fortuito en el 2004 (Población A) y 08 mandíbulas humanas procedentes de la Colección de paleodemográfica, constituida por restos óseos de la población del yacimiento del Valle de Quíbor (Edo. Lara) (Población B). Posteriormente, fueron analizadas morfológico y métricamente, empleando los puntos de referencia anatómicos o PAR/Lamarck, y valoradas en el paquete estadístico SSPS (versión 19). Resultados: la rama mandibular es una muestra confiable para la discriminación sexual, después del análisis morfológico y métrico, de los 16 individuos procedentes de la población A, 07 corresponden con los criterios femeninos y 09 a masculinos. En la muestra de 08 individuos procedente de la población B, se identificaron 03 individuos femeninos y 05 masculinos. Conclusiones: el uso de métodos morfológico e morfométrico siguen siendo necesarios como primer paso para el reconocimiento de individuos en las ciencias forenses. No obstante, fue más efectivo la discriminación sexual mediante los parámetros morfométricos en relación al método morfológico.

[Oral mucosa analog allografts in non-consanguineous rats].

INTRODUCTION: Although there are therapeutic options for the treatment of oral mucosa defects, the need for functional, anatomical and aesthetically similar substitutes persists, as well as for solutions to reduce autologous grafts morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and histological compatibility of equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated through tissue engineering in non-consanguineous rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a sample of oral mucosa from Sprague Dawley rats to obtain a fibroblast culture and a keratinocytes and fibroblasts co-culture. In both cases, we used a commercial collagen membrane as "scaffold". After ten weeks of culture, we grafted the resulting membranes into four Wistar rats. The first phase of the study was the development of the oral mucosa equivalents generated by tissue engineering. Then, we implanted them in immunocompetent Wistar rats, and finallywe evaluated the clinical and histological features of the allografts. RESULTS: In vivo evaluation of mucosal substitutes showed a correct integration of artificial oral mucosa in immunocompetent hosts, with an increase in periodontal biotype and the creation of a zone with increased keratinization. Histologically, the tissue was similar to the control oral mucosa sample with no inflammatory reaction nor clinical or histological rejection signs. CONCLUSION: The equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated by tissue engineering showed clinical and histological compatibility.

Aloinjertos análogos de mucosa bucal en ratas no consanguíneas / Oral mucosa analog allografts in non-consanguineous rats

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que existen opciones terapéuticas para el tratamiento de defectos de la mucosa bucal, persiste la necesidad de encontrar sustitutos funcionales, anatómicos y estéticamente similares al tejido que se va a reemplazar, así como soluciones que reduzcan la morbilidad de los injertos autólogos. Objetivo: Determinar la compatibilidad clínica e histológica de aloinjertos equivalentes de mucosa bucal elaborados mediante ingeniería tisular en ratas no consanguíneas. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó una muestra de mucosa bucal de ratas Sprague Dawley para la obtención de un cultivo de fibroblastos y otro de queratinocitos y fibroblastos. En ambos casos, se usó una membrana de colágeno comercial como soporte. Después de diez semanas de cultivo, las membranas resultantes se injertaron en cuatro ratas Wistar. La primera fase del estudio consistió en la elaboración de los tejidos análogos de mucosa bucal mediante ingeniería tisular, los cuales se implantaron en ratas Wistar inmunocompetentes; posteriormente, se evaluaron las características clínicas e histológicas del aloinjerto. Resultados: La evaluación in vivo de los tejidos análogos demostró que se habían integrado correctamente en los huéspedes inmunocompetentes, y se había logrado el aumento del biotipo periodontal y la creación de una zona con mayor queratinización. Desde el punto de vista histológico, el tejido adquirió características similares a las de la muestra de mucosa bucal de control, sin ningún tipo de reacción inflamatoria ni signos clínicos o histológicos de rechazo. Conclusión: Hubo compatibilidad clínica e histológica de los aloinjertos equivalentes de mucosa bucal obtenidos mediante ingeniería tisular.

Abstract Introduction: Although there are therapeutic options for the treatment of oral mucosa defects, the need for functional, anatomical and aesthetically similar substitutes persists, as well as for solutions to reduce autologous grafts morbidity. Objective: To determine clinical and histological compatibility of equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated through tissue engineering in non-consanguineous rats. Materials and methods: We used a sample of oral mucosa from Sprague Dawley rats to obtain a fibroblast culture and a keratinocytes and fibroblasts co-culture. In both cases, we used a commercial collagen membrane as "scaffold". After ten weeks of culture, we grafted the resulting membranes into four Wistar rats. The first phase of the study was the development of the oral mucosa equivalents generated by tissue engineering. Then, we implanted them in immunocompetent Wistar rats, and finally we evaluated the clinical and histological features of the allografts. Results: In vivo evaluation of mucosal substitutes showed a correct integration of artificial oral mucosa in immunocompetent hosts, with an increase in periodontal biotype and the creation of a zone with increased keratinization. Histologically, the tissue was similar to the control oral mucosa sample with no inflammatory reaction nor clinical or histological rejection signs. Conclusion: The equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated by tissue engineering showed clinical and histological compatibility.

Dissecting mitochondrial dna variability of balearic populations from the bronze age to the current era.

OBJECTIVES: To determine ancient population influences on ancient and current Balearic populations and to reconstruct their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene pool evolution. METHODS: We analyzed 239 individuals belonging to five archaeological populations from Majorca and Minorca, four dating to the transition between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, and one Late Roman Majorcan population. Six additional individuals from Santa Teresa di Gallura from the Nuragic period were characterized and added to the existing samples from that culture to make comparisons with Talaiotic populations. RESULTS: We characterized the haplogroups of 138 individuals and obtained 69 sequences from mtDNA hypervariable region I. In the intra-island study, the apparent differences in social and funerary rites between two contiguous Majorcan necropolises were correlated with genetic characteristics. Also, the likely occurrence of consanguinity in a population with a very particular burial pattern was supported by genetic data. Despite the uniqueness of each necropolis, the global comparison of the five necropolises revealed no significant differences between them, or between ancient and modern populations from the islands. Ancient Balearics showed a similar mtDNA gene pool to Ancient Catalans, had a Near Eastern component, and showed continuity with European populations since at least the Bronze Age. CONCLUSION: We characterized five Balearic necropolises in the context of their geographic and cultural characteristics. The similarity between ancient Balearic and ancient Catalan gene pools reinforces their known historic interactions, while the lack of a consistent genetic continuity with Ancient Sardinians suggests that Talaiotic and Nuragic cultures arose in differentiated populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 29:e22883, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efecto del Fluoruro Diamino de Plata en caries inducida en ratas Wistar / The effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on caries induced in Wistar rats

Introducción: la caries dental es considerada un problema de salud pública, para su tratamiento se han propuesto diversos biomateriales, entre ellos el uso de la mezcla de fluoruro+nitrato de plata, llamada Fluoruro Diamino de Plata (FDP) con propiedades cariostáticas, remineralizantes y bactericidas utilizado en dientes primarios. Son pocos los estudios que valoran la respuesta del tejido dentario luego de aplicarlo, es por ello que el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del FDP en caries inducidas en ratas Wistar. Métodos: se hizo inducción de caries dental en molares de ratas Wistar, inoculándolos con S. mutans CVCM656, manteniendo dieta rica en sacarosa durante 12 semanas. Diagnosticadas las caries y distribuidas en grupos control (C1,C2) y experimental (E1,E2), se removió dentina reblandecida de los molares y se topificaron con FDP al 3,8% solo los molares de los grupos experimentales. Finalmente se hizo valoración clínica y toma de muestra para estudio histológico a las 7 y 13 semanas posteriores al tratamiento. Resultados: los grupos control registraron aumento del número de lesiones cariosas y progresión de su severidad, mientras que los grupos experimentales no revelaron cambios en estos parámetros, mostrando superficies dentinarias duras y oscuras, el reporte histológico determinó aumento en el espesor de predentina únicamente en los molares de los grupos experimentales. Conclusiones: el protocolo de inducción de caries en ratas Wistar fue exitoso; asimismo, el tratamiento con FDP inactivó los procesos cariosos sin que progresaran en severidad ni aumentara el número de caries, siendo estos resultados extrapolables a los humanos.

Introduction: dental caries is considered a public health problem. Various biomaterials have been suggested for treating it, including fluride+silver nitrate mix, known as silver diamine fluoride (SDF) which contains cariostatic, remineralizing, and bactericide properties and is used on primary teeth. Only a few studies have assessed the response of dental tissue when this substance is applied; the objective of this study was therefore to determine the effect of SDF on caries induced in Wistar rats. Methods: dental caries was induced in Wistar rats’ molars by inoculating them with S. mutans CVCM656 and feeding them a sucrose-rich diet for 12 weeks. Once caries were diagnosed and sorted out into control groups (C1, C2) and experimental groups (E1, E2), softened dentine was removed from molars; only the molars from experimental groups received a topical application of 3.8% SDF. Finally, clinical assessment was performed and samples were collected for histological study 7 and 13 weeks after treatment. Results: the control groups experienced an increased number of carious lesions and progression in severity, while the same parameters in the experimental groups remained unchanged, showing hard dark dentine surfaces. The histological report showed increased predentine thickness in molars from the experimental groups only. Conclusions: the protocol of caries induction in Wistar rats was successful. Treatment with SDF deactivated the carious processes, arresting not only severity progression but also the increase in number of caries; these findings may be extrapolated to humans.

Molecular analysis of ancient caries.

An 84 base pair sequence of the Streptococcus mutans virulence factor, known as dextranase, has been obtained from 10 individuals from the Bronze Age to the Modern Era in Europe and from before and after the colonization in America. Modern samples show four polymorphic sites that have not been found in the ancient samples studied so far. The nucleotide and haplotype diversity of this region have increased over time, which could be reflecting the footprint of a population expansion. While this segment has apparently evolved according to neutral evolution, we have been able to detect one site that is under positive selection pressure both in present and past populations. This study is a first step to study the evolution of this microorganism, analysed using direct evidence obtained from ancient remains.

Prenatal effects by exposing to amoxicillin on dental enamel in Wistar rats

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic widely prescribed; its most frequent side effects are gastrointestinal disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. Over the last 10 years studies have been published which suggest that amoxicillin may cause dental alterations similar to dental fluorosis. Never the less, the results are not conclusive, this is why it was planned the need to make controlled studies on test animals. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect produced by amoxicillin prenatal administration on dental enamel in Wistar rats. Study DESIGN: 12 pregnant adult rats were used distributed into five different groups: witness control (n=2) didn't get any treatment; negative control (n=2) they were prescribed with saline solution; positive control (n=3) they were prescribed with tetracycline 130 mg/kg, and two groups (n=3 and n=2) treated with amoxicillin doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The treatments were daily administered by mouth, from the 6th gestation day to the end of gestation. Twenty five days after they were born, the offspring were sacrificed with a sodium pentobarbital overdose, the mandible was dissected and the first lower molars were gotten. The samples were fixed in 10% for-maldehyde solution and clinically and histologically observed to determine any enamel disorders. RESULTS: hypomineralization was observed in every single sample of the tetracyclic and amoxicillin treated group 100 mg/kg, meanwhile only 50% from the group administered with 50 mg/kg amoxicillin showed this histologi-cal disorder. CONCLUSIONS: the side effect caused by amoxicillin on dental enamel was doses dependent

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Prenatal effects by exposing to amoxicillin on dental enamel in Wistar rats.

UNLABELLED: Amoxicillin is an antibiotic widely prescribed; its most frequent side effects are gastrointestinal disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. Over the last 10 years studies have been published which suggest that amoxicillin may cause dental alterations similar to dental fluorosis. Never the less, the results are not conclusive, this is why it was planned the need to make controlled studies on test animals. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect produced by amoxicillin prenatal administration on dental enamel in Wistar rats. STUDY DESIGN: 12 pregnant adult rats were used distributed into five different groups: witness control (n=2) didn't get any treatment; negative control (n=2) they were prescribed with saline solution; positive control (n=3) they were prescribed with tetracycline 130 mg/kg, and two groups (n=3 and n=2) treated with amoxicillin doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The treatments were daily administered by mouth, from the 6th gestation day to the end of gestation. Twenty five days after they were born, the offspring were sacrificed with a sodium pentobarbital overdose, the mandible was dissected and the first lower molars were gotten. The samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and clinically and histologically observed to determine any enamel disorders. RESULTS: hypomineralization was observed in every single sample of the tetracyclic and amoxicillin treated group 100 mg/kg, meanwhile only 50% from the group administered with 50 mg/kg amoxicillin showed this histological disorder. CONCLUSIONS: the side effect caused by amoxicillin on dental enamel was doses dependent.

Neonate human remains: a window of opportunity to the molecular study of ancient syphilis.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis can be a useful tool in bacterial disease diagnosis in human remains. However, while the recovery of Mycobacterium spp. has been widely successful, several authors report unsuccessful results regarding ancient treponemal DNA, casting doubts on the usefulness of this technique for the diagnosis of ancient syphilis. Here, we present results from an analysis of four newborn specimens recovered from the crypt of "La Ermita de la Soledad" (XVI-XVII centuries), located in the province of Huelva in the southwest of Spain. We extracted and analyzed aDNA in three independent laboratories, following specific procedures generally practiced in the aDNA field, including cloning of the amplified DNA fragments and sequencing of several clones. This is the most ancient case, reported to date, from which detection of DNA from T. pallidum subspecies pallidum has been successful in more than one individual, and we put forward a hypothesis to explain this result, taking into account the course of the disease in neonate individuals.

The presence of nuclear families in prehistoric collective burials revisited: the bronze age burial of Montanissell Cave (Spain) in the light of aDNA.

Ancient populations have commonly been thought to have lived in small groups where extreme endogamy was the norm. To contribute to this debate, a genetic analysis has been carried out on a collective burial with eight primary inhumations from Montanissell Cave in the Catalan pre-Pyrenees. Radiocarbon dating clearly placed the burial in the Bronze Age, around 3200 BP. The composition of the group-two adults (one male, one female), one young woman, and five children from both sexes-seemed to represent the structure of a typical nuclear family. The genetic evidence proves this assumption to be wrong. In fact, at least five out of the eight mitochondrial haplotypes were different, denying the possibility of a common maternal ancestor for all of them. Nevertheless, 50% of the inhumations shared haplogroup J, so the possibility of a maternal relationship cannot be ruled out. Actually, combining different analyses performed using ancient and living populations, the probability of having four related J individuals in Montanissell Cave would range from 0.9884 to 0.9999. Owing to the particularities of this singular collective burial (small number of bodies placed altogether in a hidden cave, the evidence of non-simultaneous interments, close dating and unusual grave goods), we suggest that it might represent a small group with a patrilocal mating system.

Rastreo genético del streptococcus mutans / Streptococcus mutans genetic tracking

Las técnicas moleculares para recuperar DNA antiguo brindan la posibilidad de comparar la evolución molecular a través del tiempo, ya que constituye una herramienta para aclarar el diagnóstico de posibles enfermedades infecciosas del pasado. Aislar y secuenciar un fragmento de DNA de Streptococcus mutans fosilizado, considerado el principal agente infeccioso implicado en la formación de la placa bacteriana y el desarrollo de la caries dental, utilizando la reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR). La muestra estuvo conformada por caries y tártaro dental proveniente de dientes de diferentes colecciones de México, Barcelona e Islas Baleares. La metodología fue adaptada a las condiciones de conservación de este tipo de muestra para obtener DNA y los primers fueron específicos para la amplificación de un fragmento de 124 pb del gen de la Dextranasa del S. mutans. De las 24 muestras analizadas, 9 resultaron positivas para la amplificación y en 6 se lograron las secuencias correspondientes. Para la alineación de las secuencias obtenidas, se empleó la base de datos BLAST encontrándose una homología del 95% con el genoma del S. mutans UA159. Este estudio demuestra la primera evidencia de obtención de la secuencia de un fragmento de DNA de Streptococcus mutans recuperados a partir de caries y cálculo dental de restos humanos antiguos, presentando un 95% de homología con el DNA de S. mutans de la subespecie UA159 moderno

The molecular techniques for ancient DNA recovering, offers the possibility to compare the molecular evolution through time as these are tools which make clear possible infectious diseases from the ancient times Objective: To isolate and sequence fossilized Streptococcus mutans DNA fragments, considered the infectious agent involved with dental caries and plaque formation and development, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Dental caries and tartar samples of teeth collections from Mexico, Barcelona and Balearic Islands. The methodology was adapted to the conservation conditions of this type of DNA samples, and primers were specific to amplify a fragment of 124 bp of S. mutans dextranase gene. Results: 24 samples were analyzed, 9 were positive for amplification and 6 were obtained with its corresponding sequences. To alignment the sequences obtained, we used the BLAST database, giving us the 95% homology with the S. mutans UA159 genome. This study shows us the first evidence of Streptococcus mutans DNA sequence fragment recovered from dental caries and tartar from ancient human remains, presenting a 95% homology with S. mutans UA159 modern subspecies DNA

El consumo de basuco* como agente causal de alteraciones en la encía

El abuso en el consumo de drogas, entre ellas al BASUCO, es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública que tiene que afrontar nuestra comunidad. En este estudio se utilizaron 40 ratas de la cepa Wistar, 20 con carácter experimental y 20 de control utilizando agua destilada durante 16 semanas. Se demostró que existe una relación directa entre el uso de BASUCO y las alteraciones clínicas e histológicas en la encía, de las cuales que el absceso gingival la patología más frecuente (63,2 % de los casos). Tomando en cuenta el incremento del consumo de drogas en nuestra sociedad y los resultados obtenidos, es importante que el odontólgo relacione el uso de las drogas como un agente causal de alteraciones en la encía.

The abuse of drugs, and among them of BASUCO, is one of the great public health problems our communioty has to face. 40 Wistar strain rats were used in this study: 20 with an experimental character and 20 as controls. Distilled water was utilized during 16 weeks. It was demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between the use of BASUCO and the clinical and histological alterations of the gingiva, of which the gingival abscess is the most frequent pathology (63.2 % of the cases). Taking into account the increasing consumption of drugs in our society and the results obtained, it is important that the odontologist considers the use of drugs as a causal agent of gingival alterations.

El consumo de basuco como agente causal de alteraciones en la encía / The consumption of basuco as causal agent of alterations in the gum

El abuso en el consumo de drogas, entre ellas al BASUCO, es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública que tiene que afrontar nuestra comunidad. En este estudio se utilizaron 40 ratas de la cepa Wistar, 20 con carácter experimental y 20 de control utilizando agua destilada durante 16 semanas. Se demostró que existe una relación directa entre el uso de BASUCO y las alteraciones clínicas e histológicas en la encía, de las cuales que el absceso gingival la patología más frecuente (63,2 por ciento de los casos). Tomando en cuenta el incremento del consumo de drogas en nuestra sociedad y los resultados obtenidos, es importante que el odontólgo relacione el uso de las drogas como un agente causal de alteraciones en la encía(AU)